(此文的目的是拋磚引玉,有熟版權法的人能解答。亦要強調,我再花時間寫這篇不是因為針對歌手音樂人或某些粉絲,完全只是希望帶出更多觀點與及真實的例證及實質的例證,讓大家可以對這議題有更深入、多角度的思考及理解。)
由於仍然有「熱烈討論」,我便對之前《另眼相看》一事再作出更多的資料搜集,怎知有較突破的發現。
香港甚至中文音樂界的音樂人經常掛在口邊的「不抄八個音節」就不構成抄襲,其實是建基在那一條例?有說是國際版權法,可是我找尋資料,都找不到相關版權條例及實際法律文件。反而,我卻找到一系列網上的文章,指出此說法是沒有任何根據的,只是Myth來的。
The fair use exception allows you to use a reasonable portion of a copyrighted work without running afoul of copyright law. Unfortunately, there’s no bright line rule to determine how much is too much for fair use. Whether or not your use of a song or sound recording is a fair use depends on the circumstances and on a number of factors such as how much of the work you use and for what purposes you use it. In general, it’s easier to qualify the use of a song as a fair use than it is to qualify the use of a sound recording as a fair use. Using eight or four or even two bars does not guarantee that your use is a fair use. Taking only a few words or notes from a song or a sound recording has been found to be copyright infringement.
Sorce: http://www.legaljungleguide.com/resourc/musician/quizes/answers.htm
“I can use copyrighted music so long as it comes within the “8-bar” rule.” – MYTH
Some people think they can use a small portion of a copyrighted work without obtaining a license. They claim, “I can use X number of bars for free,” or, perhaps by extension, “I’m only using the melody, not the lyrics,” or, “I’m only using the hook.” This is not a privilege defined by copyright law, so you would have to defend your use in court.
Sorce: http://soundscapemusictherapy.com/2010/10/14/copyright-issues-for-music-therapists-part-three-infringement-fair-use-and-licensing/
更多文章。
http://www.alanbergman.com/The%20Mythology%20of%20Copyright.pdf
我想,就算「這八個小節」的「底線」真的存在,其實應也只是建基於「公平使用fair use」原則,主要是用來寬待非商業作品的。同時,再強調(因為很多該偶像的粉絲還是不明白我之前寫的),沒有超過這個底線就不代表「作品沒有抄襲」,只要任何版權持有人質疑的,亦可以對相關作品作出指控,帶上法庭。最後裁決是落在法庭上的。
不少成功「指控抄襲」的案件,都不是「抄八個小節」的,尤其以sampling沒有問許標準的情況來說。像The Verve 的經典bittersweet symphony就是sample 了The Rolling Stones而沒有表明credit ,最後他們喪失了作品的credit。
而像The Beatles 的《Come Together 》亦被指抄襲Chuck Berry’s “You Can’t Catch Me”,最後他們庭外和解。John Lennon 承認抄襲了這首歌的一點。而這作品亦不是有什麼八小節的抄襲的,而是在走向相似。
中華地區其實幾時走過上法庭?
在中華地區,這麼多年以來,真正鬧上法庭的究竟有那一宗?我們「抄襲」情況多,卻基本上沒有什麼法律案例。原因是什麼?可能因為根本版權持有人或原創者沒有關心我們香港或中華地區?二來就算有苦主,亦不代表苦主有能力將事件帶上法庭?
長話短說,那究竟這個中華音樂人常掛在口邊的「八個小節」的底線從何來?有什麼根據?有什麼法律的意義?有人能解答嗎?
(再強調,這個討論只是建基於法律層面討論。)
抄襲案例資料庫